England Voyage Tips and guide

England is the largest and, with 55 million inhabitants, by far the most populous of the United Kingdom's constituent countries. A 'green and pleasant land', England is known for its dramatic scenery of countryside, rolling hills, green fields, ancient woodland, and rugged coastline. Historic stately manor houses and elegant landscape gardens are dotted around the country. From urban bustle to rural idylls via spectacular coastline and dramatic natural scenery, England has an incredible variety of landscapes and attractions to experience. The country's rich landscape has witnessed periods of great change and evolution. Its countryside and landscapes inspired some of the very best writers and poets. Its heritage is reflected in its architecture, museums, galleries and monuments. England's rich music and art scene is universally renowned.

Historical sites and cultural attractions abound here, whilst modern architecture and exciting technological innovations litter England's largest cities, many of which have seen successive programmes of regeneration, from world-leading industrial centres that drove the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, into creative and cultural hubs in the 20th and 21st century. A diverse and culturally-rich country, with immigrants from the world over, visitors to England can seldom help being entranced by its charm, character, and unique culture.

England can be divided most generally into three sections, with deep historical and linguistic roots for each of them. These can be further divided into regions, which in turn consist of counties, most of which also have long histories.

Southern England is roughly the area south of The Wash and the Bristol Channel.

The English Midlands are roughly the area east of Wales and across to the North Sea.

Northern England is anywhere north of Staffordshire in the west and roughly north of the River Trent in the east, up to the Scottish border.

England has many large cities. Listed below are nine of the most popular:

• 51.507222-0.12751 London — the largest metropolitan area in Western Europe, and a global capital of finance, fashion, art and culture
• 52.483056-1.8936112 Birmingham — England's second largest city in the country's heartland; former "Workshop of the World" and birthplace of heavy metal, with lovely canals, fine food and green spaces
• 50.842941-0.1313123 Brighton — Regency seaside resort and university town with quirky shopping, good eating, rich culture and eclectic gay nightlife
• 51.45-2.5833334 Bristol — vibrant music scene, lovely historic buildings and an attractive waterfront, with many festivals to enjoy in the summer
• 53.4-35 Liverpool — The "home of the Beatles" is a booming cosmopolitan city famous for its vibrant nightlife, magnificent waterfront, superb architecture, and footie-mad populace.
• 53.466667-2.2333336 Manchester — the north's cultural, sporting, entertainment, shopping and media hub is often viewed as Birmingham's main rival to second-city status
• 54.972222-1.6083337 Newcastle upon Tyne — seriously good nightlife and "Geordie" inhabitants warm enough to offset the north-eastern chill
• 52.95-1.1333338 Nottingham — the "Queen of the Midlands" is home to Robin Hood, Sherwood Forest and Nottingham Castle
• 53.958333-1.0802789 York — ancient capital of Yorkshire, with Roman, Viking and Medieval architecture

England has many outstanding landmarks and sites of interest. Listed below are nine of the most notable:

• 55.024167-2.29251 Hadrian's Wall — the Romans built this 87-mile wall to protect their province of Britannia from northern raiders.

• 49.936111-6.3227782 Isles of Scilly — scenic archipelago of tiny islands off the south western coast of Cornwall.
• 54.5-3.1666673 Lake District National Park — glorious mountains, lakes and woodlands; the land of Wordsworth.
• 50.866667-1.5666674 New Forest National Park — one of the few remnants of the great oak and hornbeam woodland that once covered southern England.
• 54.383333-0.755 North York Moors National Park — with heather-clad hills, woodlands, impressive sea cliffs and secluded beaches, this area is one of the true English gems.
• 53.35-1.8333336 Peak District National Park — rugged moors and hills in the north, secluded dales and limestone escarpments in the south.
• 50.92-0.57 South Downs National Park — the gentle rolling chalk downs of southern England, which culminate at the coast in massive white cliffs.
• 51.178844-1.8261898 Stonehenge — the iconic Neolithic and Bronze Age monument; as mysterious as it is famous.
• 54.266667-2.0833339 Yorkshire Dales National Park — charming, picture postcard villages set in some of the finest landscapes anywhere in Britain.

See also: Medieval Britain and Ireland

Don't confuse "England" with the larger "Britain" or "United Kingdom"; see the United Kingdom article for details. Within the island of Great Britain, Scotland sits to the north of England and Wales is to the west. Northern Ireland (also part of the UK) and the Republic of Ireland lie across the Irish Sea to the west of England (and Wales). France and the Channel Islands are across the English Channel to the south, and to the east is the North Sea.

England has been stereotyped as being cold, grey and rainy since the ancient Romans wrote home, but this is not an entirely accurate picture. Temperatures rarely get very cold or very hot, and while the country certainly gets rain, it's really not as wet as rumour has it. London alone has lower annual rainfall than Paris, New York and Sydney, and it's not uncommon for parts of the country to go without rain for weeks. Parts of southern England often have summer water restrictions due to a lack of adequate rainfall during the previous winter. All the same, make sure you've got a raincoat.

Northern and western parts are usually wetter than the rest of England due to the prevailing wind from the north west bringing down cold moist air from the North Atlantic, and the sunniest and warmest areas are in the far south and south east.

Winter and autumn are usually the wettest seasons where the weather is often very changeable and at times quite windy, especially in the north and west, where cold Arctic winds arrive. Spring conditions are very changeable: a day of hot sunshine is likely as not to be followed by a week of cold wind and rain; and vice-versa. Occasional snow even as late as May is not unheard of in northern England, but it will melt quickly. Snow is particularly rare in the south east. Summer is generally warm in the south with average highs usually ranging from 18-23°C, but be prepared for unsettled weather at any time of the year and make sure to check a weather forecast if you plan to be outdoors.

Hot spells of weather can occur from May to September where temperatures may reach (and occasionally exceed) 30°C in the warmest areas of England, typically London and parts of the South East. Central Europe has very hot summers and very cold winters, but England is both less extreme (surrounded by water) and milder in the winter (influenced by the warmth of the North Atlantic Drift). If it were not for the North Atlantic Drift, England would be much much colder.

Heavy, prolonged, snow is rare and temperatures are rarely below freezing for more than a few days. Some years there will be a few days of road and rail disruption from snow - even the slightest amount of snow often causes delays on public transport, especially rail. Very severe weather conditions are rare and remedial action is usually taken promptly. Flooding and droughts are unlikely to affect the traveller. High winds occasionally disrupt travel, most often outside summer.

English people are said to have a passion for debating the weather: actually this is usually just an opening gambit to start a conversation with a stranger. Often, these conversation openers are heard among the elderly members of society. Most discussions that do involve weather usually include criticisms of it - including (though perhaps not at the same time) both that it's "too cold" and it's "too hot". Well-known conversational gambits (with due acknowledgement to Peter Kay) : "It's too cold for snow"; "It's that fine rain that soaks you through".

England is a modern nation, yet it remains deeply connected to its traditions and pageantry practices. The English have a passion for sports, with many of the most widely played games having originated in this country, and they uphold the principle of fair play. The inhabitants of England, much like their language, represent a diverse mix, having been consistently enriched by new influences—from the Romans, who nearly 2,000 years ago took control of the ancient Britons in the area, to the subsequent contributions of the Angles, Saxons, and others, which shaped the initial concept of what it means to be English, followed by the Vikings and the Normans approximately a millennium ago.

Since that time, there have been Huguenots, Chinese individuals, Jews escaping pogroms, residents from former British colonies in the Caribbean during the 1950s and 1960s, Indians who were expelled from newly independent former African colonies, workers from EU member states like Poland, Ukrainians fleeing violence in their homeland, as well as individuals from other UK nations and the Republic of Ireland. The complete list is extensive, but England has historically been accustomed to outsiders establishing their residence. The English are indeed quite familiar with foreign visitors, and one can anticipate a friendly and courteous reception; nearly everyone will treat you kindly if you are respectful and make an effort to integrate. Smile, be polite, don't be pushy if you can help it: that's how to get on with the English.

One thing to bear in mind is that many (mostly elderly) English people are terrified of causing offence and dislike lying, and so will try to avoid potential pitfalls by sticking to safe (often boring) topics of conversation. They will occasionally attempt to avoid offence by evading a question which worries them, while also trying not to offend you by point blank refusing you an answer. This sort of thing generally wears off as people get to know you. The younger generation are often more open with their opinions and emotions, but you can still expect them to be polite.

Big cities and even some rural areas, like in any country, face their social issues. Rough neighborhoods experience their share of minor and somewhat serious crimes: muggings, car theft, and other street offences are common in certain parts of many towns and cities. However, England is generally a very safe place as long as you apply common sense. Unless you're in a heavily touristy spot (like Covent Garden in London), you, as a traveler, are just as likely to be targeted by criminals as anyone else. That said, in areas that attract a lot of visitors, less cautious tourists can sometimes fall victim to scams and crimes like pickpocketing.

In tourist destinations, you will predominantly encounter people who are willing to take the time to respond to a stranger's inquiries. They may communicate in English with a distinctive accent or colourful expressions, yet they are generally open to adjusting and simplifying their language if you indicate that you are having difficulty understanding. It is often suggested that there exists a north-south divide concerning the friendliness of individuals, with those in the North perceived as more welcoming and approachable, while individuals in the South, especially in urban centres like London, are thought to be less inclined to engage with strangers.

However, it is important to remember not to take offence; the majority of people you observe on the streets are typically hurrying to reach their destinations, such as work, and simply do not have the time to converse. Conversely, in rural regions, particularly in East Anglia and the West Country, individuals may be more willing to take a moment to chat with strangers. It is essential to recognise that these observations are generalizations and do not apply universally to all individuals in the specified areas. Regardless, you will often find that if you approach others with politeness and friendliness, you are likely to receive the same courtesy in return from anyone you engage with. London is a very international city where you may meet a variety of nationalities, depending on what part of the city you are in. England's other cities are also home to significant immigrant communities from the former British Empire, and also from other countries that were never ruled by Britain in the past.

“	All the shop ladies called me "love" and most of the men called me "mate". I hadn't been here twelve hours and already they loved me.	”
—Bill Bryson

English is the main language in England, though it is spoken with many different accents throughout the country. Generally, English accents can be broadly divided into Northern and Southern accents. However, within these two main 'regions', accents can vary widely between different counties, towns and cities. For example, natives of Liverpool (called 'Liverpudlians' or more informally 'Scousers') have a distinctive accent that is easily distinguishable from that of someone from nearby Manchester (called 'Mancunians') and even from the surrounding countryside. Some cities even have multiple accents depending on the area of the city and the social class of the speaker. For example, working class 'Cockneys' of the East End of London sound very different to more well-heeled denizens of Westminster. England is generally considered to have the greatest variety of accents in the English-speaking world, even when compared to a much larger country like the United States.

In Cornwall, a very small number of people speak Cornish, a Celtic language similar to Welsh and completely separate from English. However, with fewer than a couple of hundred speakers of the language, any experience of Cornish you get is likely to be confined to road signs or information boards.

No other languages are widely spoken, but with widespread immigration to England from other Commonwealth and European countries in the past few decades, you might also hear other languages spoken in the big cities. You may hear (and even see signs in) Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Gujarati, Polish, Italian, Greek, Turkish and varieties of Arabic. Largely because of links with Hong Kong and the overseas Chinese community in Malaysia, many Chinese Cantonese speaking people live here; London, Manchester and Sheffield in particular have thriving communities.

The English are not known for being particularly fond of learning foreign languages, and often rely solely on English when they travel abroad. Due to English being the current lingua franca, few English people are fluent in a foreign language but they may remember enough to be willing to help a stranger in difficulties (if they can get over the embarrassment of being seen to "show off"). For this reason, you should be prepared to have to use English to make yourself understood.

There are some peculiar words and phrases that even a native speaker of another variant of English may not understand. For example, when an English person says "Meet me at half five", they mean "Meet me at 5:30". If the directions say "go to the top of the road", that means the end of the road. Some words mean one thing to Americans and something else entirely to English people. When an English man says he shared a "fag" with his "mate" that means only that he smoked a cigarette with a friend. If he adds that they also had a "gorgeous" meal, it means it was followed by a nice dinner. Then there are the words unique to British English; a sneaker or tennis shoe, for instance, is called a "trainer." The expression "cheers!" is used both when drinking with somebody and as a substitute for "thank you."

Another English peculiarity is the use of terms of endearment for strangers such as "darling", "pet", "love", "hun", "duck", "bab", "mate", "sweetheart", "flower" and "queen". Don't worry, it is not meant in a sexual or romantic manner. Instead it's an act of kindness. However, this is something which is nowadays mainly used by the older generation and found less in the younger generation except for between friends, although some younger males may call a woman "Darlin'". This is usually either as a form of cat calling (and can often be followed by derogatory demands or language but is often harmless) or directed towards a female friend.

You will hear English people say "sorry". This is not down to guilt or self-consciousness but simply because it is synonymous with "excuse me", and is used to get somebody's attention. As London is one of the world's most multicultural cities, you will be hard-pressed to find a major world language that is not spoken by someone there.

The diversity England's history, marked by waves of different cultures and peoples—from the Vikings and Normans to the Romans and Celtic tribes, and more recently, immigrants from Commonwealth and EU nations—has led to a wide range of accents and lingering regional dialects. Imitating these accents is generally frowned upon, as it can come off as mocking rather than respectful. Even small geographical shifts can result in significant accent variations, shaped by historical and social contexts.

An individual's accent often reveals their upbringing, sometimes pinpointing their origins to a specific town or region. Nowadays, many educated professionals keep their regional accents, moving away from the past when individuals felt pressured to suppress their natural speech to succeed, a trend mostly seen in those attending private or grammar schools who adopt a more neutral, "upper-class" accent reminiscent of the royal family or classic British films.

Accents can vary significantly, and visitors often find themselves surprised when the real-life accents they encounter differ from those they’ve seen in movies or on TV, like the exaggerated "Dick van Dyke Cockney" or "Hugh Grant Silly Ass Upper Crust." It usually takes a day or two for them to adjust to the authentic sounds around them. Take the Geordie accent from Tyneside, for instance; it can be quite challenging to grasp, especially when spoken rapidly among locals who are unaware of a newcomer trying to follow along. Fortunately, most people are willing to slow down or soften their accents for those who are having trouble.

Dialects are a fascinating aspect of travel in England, yet can be a source of confusion. In England, people generally expect to understand each other, thanks to the prevalence of dialect words popularised by television, books and media. For instance, in the north, phrases like "ey up" for hello and "aye" for yes are commonly recognised, along with "tha," which means you, particularly in Yorkshire. While there are subtle variations—like "jennel," "jinnel," and "ginnel" referring to narrow alleys in Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield, respectively—these differences are minor and rarely cause misunderstandings.

Visit England is England's tourist bureau.

See the United Kingdom article for information on immigration and visa requirements.

Since England is on an island, it is not possible to drive directly into England from outside Great Britain. Motorists have two choices to enter England from outside Great Britain, by various car ferry routes, or the Channel Tunnel.

• From mainland Europe. - there are a wide variety of routes and operators from various countries. See Ferry routes to British Mainland.
• From the Channel Islands. Services connect Jersey and Guernsey with the south of England.
• From the Isle of Man. Services connect Douglas, Isle of Man with the north west of England
• From Ireland. There are only limited car ferry services connecting Ireland directly with England. Alternatively it is possible to take a ferry from Ireland to Wales or Scotland and then continue the journey by road to England.

See "by boat" for further details.

• From France. Eurotunnel run a frequent train service from Calais, France, to Folkestone which carries vehicles and their passengers.

A number of roads cross England's borders with its British neighbours. These roads range from the simple country lanes to motorways. There are no border controls with Scotland or Wales; indeed, on smaller roads the border may not be noticed at all.

The most important road connections into and out of England are.

• A1 from Edinburgh and Eastern Scotland
• M4 from South Wales
• M74/A74/M6 from Western Scotland
• A55 from North Wales.

Most people flying to England from outside Europe are likely to land in London Heathrow, London Gatwick or Manchester. Those flying from inside Europe have a great many options with low cost carriers connecting large European cities with many regional airports within England. Flying to England from Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland is popular, although there are no flight connections from Wales.

London and the South East

• London Heathrow (LHR ^IATA) - By far the largest airport in UK, it is also the third busiest in the world.
• London Gatwick (LGW ^IATA) - London's second most important airport
• London Stansted (STN ^IATA) - Important low cost carrier airport near Cambridge
• London Luton (LTN ^IATA) - Smaller airport to the north west of London
• London City (LCY ^IATA) - Small airport in the centre of London, mostly targeting business travellers who want to get into the city's financial districts quickly

The South: Southampton and Bournemouth are on the south coast.

The South West: Bristol, Exeter and Newquay mostly serve domestic and European destinations.

The East: Norwich

The Midlands: Birmingham International, and East Midlands

The North: Manchester Airport (MAN ^IATA), Liverpool John Lennon, Newcastle, Leeds-Bradford, Humberside and Teesside.

See also Rail travel in Great Britain

Eurostar operates regular high-speed trains to London (St Pancras International), Ebbsfleet and Ashford through the Channel Tunnel from Amsterdam (Centraal), Avignon (TGV), Brussels (Zuid-Midi), Calais (Fréthun), Lille (Europe), Lyon (Part-Dieu), Marseille (Saint Charles), Paris (Gare du Nord) and Rotterdam (Centraal). Book as early as possible as fares can be considerably more expensive if trying to book at the last minute.

The rail system with Wales and Scotland is fully integrated, with regular services crossing the borders into England. In addition to regular daytime trains, sleeper trains link Scotland and England. As the franchising contract runs to 2030, they are unlikely to be withdrawn.

BritRail Passes are available to non-UK citizens which allow the traveller unlimited rail travel in England on one ticket.

See also: Ferry routes to Great Britain

With so much coastline and so many ports, England has extensive shipping links with many countries worldwide. Major ports are Dover, Folkestone, Harwich, Hull, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Southampton, Liverpool, Ipswich and Newcastle.

Several companies offer London-Paris (via the Chunnel) international service, including British Megabus or German Flixbus. While travel times are usually a lot longer than by plane or train, the prices tend to be rather low and fares below €20 are not unheard of.

England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure and is well serviced by domestic air, rail, land and sea routes.

See also: Rail travel in Great Britain

England is universally covered by an extensive railway network. The system consists of five high-speed main lines, which radiate from London and other major cities to the rest of the country, augmented by dense regional rail lines and commuter networks and other high-speed lines within major cities and towns.

Travelling by train is one of the fastest, most comfortable, convenient and enjoyable ways to explore England and the rest of Great Britain. From High Speed 1, which connects London to Kent and under the English Channel to mainland Europe, to preserved railways operating historic steam trains through idyllic countryside, to bustling modern commercial centres and small unspoiled villages, to breathtakingly scenic lines, the train can be an enthralling and affordable way to see all that the UK has to offer. In the financial year ending in 2014, 1.59 billion passenger journeys were made across Great Britain.

England has one of the highest densities of railway lines per square mile in the world. There has been much improvement and investment to the railway network and rolling stock. It is very easy to find train stations in England, as National Rail uses the historic British Rail double-arrow logo which is displayed prominently at all stations, and on road signs.

England is covered by a wide bus network. Buses are numerous, frequent and reliable in cities and towns. Rural areas are less well served and hiring a car is often the best option to explore the countryside and villages. From 2025, the majority of bus fares across England are capped at £3, although some cities and regions may have lower fares.

The vast majority of bus stops are request stops, meaning that you must put your arm out as the bus approaches to signal that you want it to stop. Likewise once on the bus, you must ring the bell in advance of the stop you want to get off at. The majority of bus services, especially in urban areas, are fully accessible for disabled travellers, with either low floors or the use of a ramp facilitating access for wheelchair users. On-board, there is space for pushchairs and wheelchairs.

Some of England's major urban areas have tram (light rail) networks. Blackpool has the only system to survive since the tram's heyday in the early 20th century; the rest were killed off by the mid-1950s. However, since the 1990s, a second generation of tram networks have been built in Greater Manchester, the West Midlands, Sheffield, South London and Nottingham.

Long distance coach travel tends to be slower than train travel, as well as less frequent, although it is comfortable and often much cheaper. They can operate later than trains do, and they may operate more direct or convenient routes for your journey in cases where a train journey takes one or more changes, particularly on longer journeys to and from airports. Coaches, like trains, will also generally take you right to the centre of town.

The largest coach companies in the England are:

• National Express is the largest long distance coach operator, and serves all major destinations on the mainland; they sell tickets online and at coach terminals. It offers promotional 'funfares' between major city-pairs, but is quite expensive on less competitive routes such as those serving airports.
• FlixBus has a large network of routes between many destinations. Tickets should be bought online, and booking in advance can result in some very low fares.
• Megabus is a service between a few major destinations. To get the cheapest fares you should book a week or two ahead. However, fares are often still good value when booked with less time. Tickets must be bought online or using the premium rate booking line 0900 160 0900 for at least 60p per minute and cannot be bought from the driver. Service frequencies may be very limited, but they're still worth checking.

See also: Driving in the United Kingdom

England has an extensive road network. The quality of the roads is typically high, although it may decline in rural regions. Road signs and markings are usually clear, and England is recognised for its high ranking in road safety standards across Europe. One challenge of driving in England is the significant amount of traffic resulting from an increasing population. This issue is not confined to peak hours and major cities; even cross-country motorways can come to a standstill when they traverse urban areas.

Driving in England requires adherence to specific regulations and practices that differ from many other countries. Motorists must drive on the left side of the road, which can be a significant adjustment for those accustomed to right-hand driving. Additionally, the use of seat belts is mandatory for all passengers, and mobile phone usage while driving is prohibited unless a hands-free system is employed.

England enforces strict speed limits, which vary depending on the type of road and vehicle. The maximum speed for cars on motorways is 70 mph, while dual carriageways allow for the same limit. In built-up areas, the limit typically drops to 30 mph, although some zones may have lower restrictions. Numerous small communities and suburbs are implementing 20 mph speed limits.

There is a significant presence of speed cameras and traffic police. The traditional English traits of 'reserve' and politeness may sometimes diminish under the pressures of congestion on major routes. However, driving throughout England is generally a pleasant experience, and it is customary to acknowledge another driver's courtesy with a nod or a hand raise as a gesture of thanks. Drivers frequently flash their headlights to signal that it is safe for you to pull out or to yield to you, and it is deemed courteous to express gratitude by waving or briefly flashing your headlights.

Activating your hazard lights (i.e., both turn signals simultaneously) serves solely as a warning of danger. Typically, it is employed to signal that the vehicle has malfunctioned or to alert other motorists of an impending hazard. Flashing your hazard lights a few times can also express gratitude. Brown road signs featuring white lettering indicate the presence of nearby tourist attractions, while the blue 'i' symbol signifies Tourist Information. The message 'Road closed!' is not unusual on major highways during nighttime, as the volume of traffic is so high that road maintenance can only be conducted overnight.

There are taxi firms everywhere (many are by booking only—find the phone number of the local company and phone ahead). 'Black cabs' are also common in cities and can be hailed from the side of the road. Sometimes in city centres, usually just after the nightclubs have closed, there will be queue for taxis which will sometimes be monitored by police. To be safe, make sure you take a registered and licensed taxi or black cab.

See also: Cycling in England and Wales

Cycling has experienced a renaissance, thanks to advancements in cycling infrastructure and the establishment of expansive cycle lanes in major cities and towns across England. While these developments have made cycling more accessible, certain areas still pose risks for cyclists. Nevertheless, cycling remains an excellent mode of transportation for exploring England, offering a unique perspective that allows riders to stop at will, avoid parking issues, and incur no ongoing costs once the bicycle is acquired. It is undoubtedly one of the quickest ways to navigate urban environments, with numerous scenic cycle paths available that enable cyclists to bypass traffic and enjoy the surrounding cityscape or countryside.

The National Cycle Network is the national network of signed routes for cycling. It uses dedicated bike paths as well as roads with minimal traffic, and covers 14,000 miles, passing within a mile of half of all homes. Other cycling networks include:

• The National Byway
• Sea to Sea Cycle Route

Cities across England are increasingly implementing segregated cycle paths to promote safer cycling and active transport. Residents can rent bicycles from local shops or find affordable secondhand options for under £100, as there is an abundance of used bikes available. It is advisable to wear a helmet while cycling in urban areas, although it is not mandatory; however, using lights is essential during the shorter winter days, as failing to do so can result in fines from the police. Additionally, investing in a sturdy lock is crucial due to the high incidence of bicycle theft in cities, so cyclists should avoid leaving their bikes unattended.

English cities and towns are pedestrian friendly, and England also has several long-distance hiking trails. Best known is the Pennine Way, which roams for 268 miles / 431 km along the spine of northern England from Edale in Derbyshire to Kirk Yetholm in Scotland. There are also numerous public footpaths and bridleways covering the entire country; these are identified with footpath signs, and can be found on Ordnance Survey maps.

England, a country steeped in history and culture, offers a wealth of experiences for travelers. From the bustling streets and squares of London, where iconic landmarks such as the Tower of London and St. Paul's Cathedral stand as testaments to the nation’s rich heritage, to the serene landscapes of the Cotswolds, visitors can immerse themselves in a diverse array of attractions and national landscapes. The capital city serves as a vibrant hub, showcasing world-class museums like the British Museum and the National Gallery, which house priceless collections that span centuries. Beyond the urban allure, the picturesque countryside invites exploration, with charming villages and rolling hills that have inspired poets and artists alike.

In addition to its historical significance, England is renowned for its cultural contributions, particularly in literature and the arts. The works of Shakespeare, Dickens, and Austen continue to resonate, drawing literary enthusiasts to sites such as Stratford-upon-Avon and Bath. The country also boasts a dynamic music and sports scene, with cities like Liverpool and Manchester being pivotal in the evolution of popular music and sports. Festivals celebrating everything from classical to contemporary genres are held throughout the year, providing visitors with a taste of England’s vibrant cultural scene.

If you're pressed for time, it might be easier to stay in a regional city and take day trips to explore the National Parks, coastline, and nearby towns. However, if you have a more flexible schedule, consider settling into a cosy B&B (Bed and Breakfast) or English Inn. Public transport is generally reliable in cities and larger towns, but for smaller, off-the-beaten-path locations, it's wise to plan your route carefully or think about renting a car. Many of England's top tourist destinations are accessible via train from London, with popular spots including Yorkshire in the East, Cornwall in the South West, various National Parks, and historic cathedral cities like York, Bath, Durham, Canterbury, Salisbury, Wells, Norwich, and Lincoln. Plymouth and Exeter serve as excellent starting points for exploring Dartmoor, while also providing opportunities for day trips to nearby national parks and picturesque countryside. Both cities boast a variety of attractions and museums to enjoy. Meanwhile, Bristol, the largest city in the West Country, offers a fantastic weekend getaway. Once overshadowed by other Southern English cities like Brighton, Bristol has carved out its own identity with a unique vibe, a relaxed atmosphere, impressive museums, the region's biggest shopping centre, and a vibrant music scene that showcases its creative spirit.

The university cities of Oxford and Cambridge in England are definitely worth exploring. In Oxford, known for its iconic dreaming spires, you can wander through its historic colleges, visit fascinating museums like the Ashmolean and Pitt Rivers, and enjoy a leisurely punt along the scenic rivers. Just a short trip away is Blenheim Palace, the stunning 18th-century birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill, set amidst beautiful gardens. The surrounding countryside offers picturesque hills and charming landscapes. Meanwhile, Cambridge attracts visitors with its fresh countryside air, lovely riverside walks, and its own collection of ancient colleges, gardens, shops, and museums. Both cities are also celebrated for being bike-friendly, making them perfect for leisurely exploration. If you appreciate rich academic traditions, impressive libraries, and stunning architecture, these two cities are sure to impress you.

If you have a little longer, you may be able to spend a week more locally based, for example staying in Ambleside in the Lake District. If you want white sand beaches, turquoise sea, Arthurian atmosphere and a raw, misty eyed Celtic landscape head to the West Country coastline of Devon, Dorset, and Cornwall - particularly, the magnificent surf blasted beaches of North Devon's Bideford Bay and King Arthur's birthplace in North Cornwall's Atlantic coastline (Bude, Tintagel, Padstow, Polzeath, etc). Leeds, the largest city in Yorkshire, makes a great base for day trips to the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire Moors, York and Whitby, whilst offering its own selection of attractions such as the Royal Armouries, famed nightlife, theatre and designer shopping in stunning Victorian-era arcades. If you have a little longer, you may be able to spend a week more locally based.

The North is rich in history, culture, and stunning landscapes, offering a unique blend of urban and rural experiences. Known for its industrial heritage, the North is home to breathtaking natural beauty, from rugged peaks to the dramatic coastline of Northumberland. The region is also steeped in tradition, with charming market towns, historic castles, and ancient ruins that tell the story of its past. Whether you're exploring the bustling streets of Newcastle or enjoying a quiet walk in the countryside, the North of England has something to offer everyone.

England, together with the other parts of Britain, was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th to 20th centuries. Though many industries were shut down in the late 20th century, there is still much to see of Industrial Britain; mines, factories, and heritage railways throughout the country.

A number of 'umbrella' organisations are devoted to the preservation and public access of both natural and cultural heritage. Membership with them, even on a temporary basis, means priority free access to their properties thereafter—travellers to England seeking to see a large number of sights would do well to join one or more of them:

• English Heritage. English Heritage has an especially wide-ranging remit and manages more than 400 significant buildings and monuments in England. They also maintain a register of thousands of "listed" buildings, those considered of most importance to the historic and cultural heritage of the country.  
• The National Trust (National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty). The National Trust manages over 350 properties and over 950sq miles of land. Many of the country's manor houses are under the trust's ownership and management.  

17 of the 25 United Kingdom's UNESCO World Heritage Sites are in England. Some of the best known of these include Stonehenge, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Westminster, City of Bath, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Durham Castle and Cathedral, Canterbury Cathedral, Blenheim Palace, Royal Botanic Gardens, and Studley Royal Park.

The northernmost point of the Roman Empire, Hadrian's Wall, is the largest Roman artefact anywhere: it runs a total of 73 miles in northern England. Most museums and cultural interest are free of charge to visit for visitors. Although, some non-state funded museums do charge. The objectives of the policy were simple and clear – to provide universal free admission to the permanent collections of national museums and to broaden the range of visitors. England is covered by a wide network of renowned museums covering almost every aspect and period in history. It is estimated that there are over 1,600 museums. Some of the most visited museums include:

British Museum — a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum to cover all fields of knowledge.

Tate Modern — an enormous art gallery converted from the former Bankside Power Station in London. The gallery collects together contemporary and modern art from around the world, arranged thematically. The most stunning aspect of the building, is the enormous Turbine Hall, which plays host to a single piece of work commissioned for the space each year. An extension of the gallery has opened in a ten-storey building behind the existing power station. Tate Modern is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world.

Natural History Museum — home to life and earth science specimens comprising some 80 million items within five main collections: botany, entomology, mineralogy, palaeontology and zoology in London. Given the age of the institution, many of the collections have great historical as well as scientific value, such as specimens collected by Charles Darwin. The museum is particularly famous for its exhibition of dinosaur skeletons and ornate architecture, sometimes dubbed the cathedral of nature.

National Gallery — houses the British national collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900 in London. A truly awe-inspiring collection, notable works include Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors, Van Gogh's Sunflowers and Constable's The Haywain. The audioguides are very comprehensive and have comments on most of the paintings in the museum. In addition to courses, workshops, lectures and other events, the National Gallery has free talks and tours every day.

Victoria and Albert Museum — the museum is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient history to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculpture, prints and printmaking, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world. The museum owns the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy.

National Railway Museum — the largest railway museum in the world based in York, one of the most important railway cities. It tells the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society and is home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles, such as Mallard, Stirling Single, Duchess of Hamilton and a Japanese bullet train.

The National Maritime Museum — a maritime museum in London part of Royal Museums Greenwich, a network of museums in the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site. The museum has the most important holdings in the world on the history of Britain at sea, comprising more than two million items, including maritime art (both British and 17th-century Dutch), cartography, manuscripts including official public records, ship models and plans, scientific and navigational instruments, and instruments for time-keeping and astronomy (based at the Royal Observatory, founded in 1675 for "finding the longitude of places"). It is the largest maritime museum in the world.

Science and Industry Museum — traces the development of science, technology and industry with emphasis on Manchester's vast achievements in these fields. There are extensive displays on the theme of transport (cars, railway locomotives and rolling stock), power (water, electricity, steam and gas engines), Manchester's sewerage and sanitation, textiles, communications and computing. The first ever passenger railway station is part of the museum, whilst a reconstruction of the first ever stored-program computer, created by Manchester University, is also on display.

Ashmolean Museum — Britain's oldest public museum in Oxford, having been founded in 1683. It is recognised as being the first modern museum. The museum displays ancient art from Egypt, the Near East, Greece and Rome, a fine collection of Western art and artifacts. Highlights include the Amarna Princess Fresco and the Alfred Jewel. The main museum contains huge collections of archaeological specimens and fine art. It has one of the best collections of Pre-Raphaelite paintings, majolica pottery, and English silver.

The Oxford University Museum of Natural History — a world-renowned institution housing over seven million specimens, including geological and zoological collections. Founded in 1860, it serves as a key centre for scientific research, teaching, and public engagement. The museum’s gothic building features iconic displays like the Oxfordshire dinosaurs, the dodo skeleton, and a working beehive.

The Fitzwilliam Museum — an institution in Cambridge, renowned for its vast collection of over 500,000 objects. It houses an impressive array of artworks, including pieces by masters alongside significant antiquities from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, as well as European tapestries, medieval manuscripts, and decorative arts. Its neoclassical architecture, with its grand entrance and opulent interiors, adds to the experience, making it a must-visit for art and history enthusiasts.

Museum of Liverpool — as the world’s first national museum dedicated to a regional city’s history, it showcases Liverpool’s global significance through its geography, culture, and people. The museum spans three floors with over 6,000 objects, covering more than 10,000 years of Merseyside history. It primary dives into Liverpool's maritime past, highlighting its significance in global trade and the transatlantic slave trade. It also displays Liverpool's international ties, featuring items like a brass Buddha from Burma and a model of the Empire State Building. It tells the tales of Liverpool's varied communities, from the early settlers to modern times, with exhibits such as a Ford Anglia and a reconstruction of a Victorian tenement. It honors Liverpool's cultural and sports successes, including The Beatles, Liverpool FC, Everton FC, and creative figures.

World Museum Liverpool — a major cultural institution and one of the largest and oldest museums operated by National Museums Liverpool. Founded in 1851 as the Derby Museum with the natural history collection of the 13th Earl of Derby, it has grown into a multidisciplinary museum with extensive collections spanning archaeology, ethnology, natural history, physical sciences, and astronomy. Located on William Brown Street in Liverpool’s cultural quarter, it is housed in a grand Neoclassical building and offers free entry, making it a popular destination for families, students, and culture enthusiasts. The museum continues to expand its collections through excavations, donations, and acquisitions, including significant Egyptian artifacts from Joseph Mayer and John Garstang’s excavations.

Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery — this large museum showcases local history, hosts several temporary exhibitions, and boasts a vast permanent collection, featuring an impressive array of Pre-Raphaelite paintings. It also houses part of the breathtaking Anglo-Saxon hoard, which is the largest collection of Anglo-Saxon gold metalwork found just north of Birmingham in 2009. The museum includes the Gas Hall and the Waterhall Gallery of Modern Art.

Lord's Museum — Lord's Cricket Ground is historic and iconic venue, often referred to as the "Home of Cricket." It hosts major matches, including Test matches, One Day Internationals, and domestic games, drawing cricket fans globally. The ground is home to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and features the MCC Museum, which houses significant artifacts like the Ashes Urn and trophies from both the men's and women's Cricket World Cups. Visitors can explore these through guided tours, which also cover the Pavilion, Long Room, and other historic areas.

England’s festivals form a vibrant tapestry of cultural, historical, and modern celebrations that span the seasons, drawing on centuries-old traditions while embracing contemporary creativity. Every county, city, and region in England has its own special festivals and parades. In spring, ancient customs come alive with May Day festivities, where villages host Morris dancing, maypole ceremonies, and crowning of May Queens, echoing pagan fertility rituals; the Padstow ‘Obby ‘Oss festival in Cornwall is a prime example, featuring colourful processions and folk music.

Summer bursts with iconic events like Glastonbury Festival, a world-renowned music and arts extravaganza in Somerset that attracts global stars and massive crowds, and the Notting Hill Carnival in London, Europe’s largest street festival, which pulses with Caribbean culture through vibrant parades, steel bands, and jerk food stalls. Historical reenactments also thrive, such as the medieval jousting at the Tewkesbury Medieval Festival or the Viking-themed Jorvik Festival in York.

Autumn ushers in Bonfire Night (often known as Guy Fawkes Night) on November 5th, a vibrant celebration that marks the thwarted Gunpowder Plot of 1605. This event is celebrated by dazzling fireworks, roaring bonfires, eating tasty toffee apples, and the symbolic burning of effigies of Guy Fawkes. In addition to these traditional festivities, unique customs like the Tar Barrel Rolling in Ottery St Mary add a quirky twist, where locals carry flaming barrels through the streets in a thrilling spectacle. As winter approaches, the festive spirit continues with Christmas markets that range from the extensive stalls in Manchester to the charming offerings in Bath. Meanwhile, rural communities revive age-old traditions such as mummer’s plays and wassailing ceremonies, which serve to bless the orchards and celebrate the harvest. Culinary enthusiasts flock to food and drink festivals like the Ludlow Food Festival, showcasing the rich tapestry of England’s gastronomic delights. From the whimsical, such as the famous cheese-rolling race in Gloucestershire, to the more somber Remembrance Day ceremonies.

England’s folk festivals are vibrant celebrations of the country’s rich cultural heritage, blending ancient traditions with modern revelry in a tapestry of music, dance, storytelling, and community spirit. Held across the nation, from rural villages to bustling towns, these festivals draw thousands of locals and visitors who come to experience the soulful strums of acoustic guitars, the rhythmic clatter of Morris dancers’ sticks, and the haunting melodies of age-old ballads. Events like the Sidmouth Folk Festival, one of the oldest and most prestigious, have been running for over 70 years, showcasing a dizzying array of performers—from seasoned folk legends to emerging artists—while offering workshops in everything from clog dancing to sea shanty singing. Similarly, the Cambridge Folk Festival, often hailed as a cornerstone of the genre, combines big-name acts with intimate sessions, set against the backdrop of the picturesque Cherry Hinton Hall. Other notable gatherings include the Whitby Folk Week, where the seaside town comes alive with concerts, ceilidhs, and impromptu pub sessions. Expect colourful costumes, from the bell-adorned outfits of Morris dancers to the blackened faces of mummers, alongside craft stalls, local ales, and hearty food.

The Broadstairs Folk Week, held annually in the charming seaside town of Broadstairs, Kent, is one of England’s most celebrated folk festivals, marking its 60th anniversary in 2025. Running for a week in August, it transforms the town into a vibrant hub of music, dance, and community spirit, attracting thousands of visitors. The festival features a diverse lineup of folk artists, from traditional singers and instrumentalists to contemporary acts, performing in venues ranging from intimate pubs to the main concert marquee. Highlights include lively ceilidhs, Morris dancing displays, workshops on folk crafts and music, and colourful street processions. Local pubs and clubs buzz with impromptu sessions, while the festival’s family-friendly atmosphere offers children’s activities and storytelling. Broadstairs Folk Week not only preserves Kent’s rich folk heritage but also fosters a sense of togetherness, drawing both locals and tourists to celebrate in the coastal setting.

The Jack in the Green Festival, a vibrant English folk tradition, celebrates May Day with a lively procession led by a figure encased in a conical wicker frame adorned with lush foliage and flowers, symbolizing the spirit of spring. Originating in the 17th century with milkmaids’ floral garlands and later adopted by chimney sweeps, the festival, notably revived in Hastings in 1983, features Morris dancers, drummers, and characters like the Bogies and the May Queen. Held over the first May Bank Holiday weekend (2nd–5th May in Hastings), the event culminates in the symbolic “slaying” of Jack on West Hill to release the spirit of summer, accompanied by music, dance, and communal revelry.

England’s beer festivals are a vibrant celebration of the nation’s rich brewing heritage, showcasing an array of real ales, craft beers, ciders, and perries. From the iconic Great British Beer Festival in London, organised by CAMRA, to regional gems like the Leeds International Beer Festival at Kirkstall Abbey and the East Anglian Beer and Cider Festival in Bury St Edmunds, these events offer something for every beer enthusiast. Expect diverse brews from independent breweries, street food, live music, and traditional pub games, set against stunning backdrops like historic cathedrals or scenic countryside. Many festivals, such as the Worcester Beer, Cider and Perry Festival also highlight local producers and charitable causes, creating a lively, community-driven atmosphere.

In England, some of the most popular sports include football, cricket, rugby, darts, and tennis. Many sports trace their roots back to England, which is often regarded as the birthplace of numerous games that the British Empire later introduced to various parts of the world. Football, in particular, captures the hearts of many, with its rich history and passionate fan base. Cricket has its own unique charm, especially during the summer months, while rugby offers a thrilling mix of strategy and physicality. Tennis also holds a special place, especially with events like Wimbledon drawing significant attention each year. Whether you're watching a match at a local pub or joining in on a community event, the passion for sports in England is palpable and inviting.

England is home to many great castles, reflecting its rich history. Full of secrets and scandals, England's castles are full of stories. After the Norman Conquest in 1066 various castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and protect from invasion. Castles continued to grow in military sophistication and comfort during the 12th century, leading to a sharp increase in the complexity and length of sieges. Some of the best-known castles are:

Tower of London — founded by William the Conqueror in 1066, enlarged and modified by successive sovereigns. The Tower is today one of the world's most famous and spectacular fortresses and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its 900-year history includes use as: a royal palace and fortress, prison and place of execution, mint, arsenal, menagerie and jewel house. The Tower contains enough buildings and exhibits to keep a family busy for a full day, with plenty of both warlike and domestic contents. Beefeaters, who are all retired sergeant majors from the British Army, provide guided tours for free as well as ceremonial security. See history come alive – go to the Ceremony of the Keys at the Tower of London. This ceremony, the locking up of the Tower, has been performed every night at 10PM for 800 years.

Warwick Castle — a medieval castle developed from a fort, originally built by William the Conqueror during 1068 in Warwick. Te original wooden motte-and-bailey castle was rebuilt in stone the 12th century. During the Hundred Years War, the facade opposite the town was refortified, resulting in one of the most recognisable examples of 14th-century military architecture. It takes 500 steps around a very narrow claustrophobic spiral staircase to get up to the top. The view is astounding and you can see St. Mary's church where the Earls of Warwick were buried and the River Avon.

Durham Castle — a Norman castle in Durham which has been occupied since 1837 by University College, Durham after its previous role as the residence of the Bishops of Durham. Designated since 1986 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with Durham Cathedral, the facility is open to the general public to visit, but only through guided tours, since it is in use as a working building and is home to over 100 students. The order for the construction of Durham Castle was given in 1072. The new castle would protect the Norman rulers from the rebellious local population and potential invasions from Scotland.

Windsor Castle — built by William the Conqueror following the Norman invasion in the 11th century, and has been used by the British royal family since the reign of King Henry I. It is the largest inhabited castle in the world and was used by Queen Elizabeth II as her primary weekend residence.You can visit much of the castle, including the magnificent State Apartments and St George's Chapel. The apartments are furnished with some of the finest works of art from the Royal Collection, including paintings by Rembrandt, Rubens, Canaletto and Gainsborough. A huge ancient parkland lays behind the castle, which includes The Long Walk, that runs from Windsor Castle past Old Windsor's western perimeter to the Copper Horse statue, Virginia Water lake, landscaped Valley Gardens and Savill Garden.

Alnwick Castle — this castle in Northumberland is the second largest inhabited castle in England, second only to Windsor Castle once home of the most powerful medieval northern baronial family, the Earls of Northumberland. Alnwick Castle was built in the 11th century to protect the border, symbolising status and power for the new Norman barons. Seeing the castle might be a thrill for people who are fans of the Harry Potter films. The castle's gardens feature the largest collection of European plants in the UK and the largest Japanese cherry orchard in the world.

Dover Castle — known as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history, the castle in Kent has 2,000 years of history contained within its walls, including a Roman lighthouse, a Saxon church and a Norman keep. Below ground, a series of casements and tunnels have been dug into the chalk. From these tunnels, Operation Dynamo (the Dunkirk evacuation) was planned. The design was intended as a symbol of authority to quell rebellion throughout the Angevin empire. The keep still has many rooms intact that have been recreated as they were in the 1200s including the throne room, royal bedrooms, armoury and kitchen.

Bodiam Castle — one of England's most romantic and picturesque castles located in East Sussex built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, ostensibly to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. There are circular towers at each of the four corners, with square central towers in the south, east, and west walls. The main entrance is a twin-towered gatehouse in the north face of the castle. There is a second entrance from the south; the postern gate is through a square tower in the middle of the south wall. Bodiam Castle is considered a medieval masterpiece with stunning views surrounded by a moat. It houses a great hall.

Leeds Castle — a large castle estate that has existed on the site since 857 in Kent. From 857, the site was owned by a Saxon chief called Led or Leed who built a wooden structure on two islands in the middle of the River Len. In 1119, Robert de Crevecoeur rebuilt it in stone as a Norman stronghold and Leeds Castle descended through the de Crevecoeur family until the 1260s. In the 13th century, it came into the hands of King Edward I, for whom it became a favourite residence; in the 16th century, Henry VIII used it as a dwelling for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The castle is built on two islands in a lake. It houses dungeons and drawbridges and is surrounded by stunning views.

Bamburgh Castle — set on the stunning coastline of Northumberland, the castle's history goes back to 547, but the earliest remaining parts were built by the Normans in 1095. It was bought and restored by the Victorian industrialist William Armstrong in 1894 and is still owned by his family. With its close proximity to Scotland, Bamburgh served as a stronghold and became the Crown's strategic English outpost and a mighty keep is erected. This remains the heart of the castle today.

Despite English cities and towns having a reputation as being industrial, they are surprisingly green. London is 47% green space, spread out amongst some of Europe's most beautiful urban parks. The 'green lungs' of London are the many parks, great and small, scattered throughout the city including Hyde Park, St James's Park and Regent's Park. Many of the Royal Parks can be found near major tourist attractions. London is often recognised as one of Europe’s greenest cities, with approximately 3,000 parks and green spaces. About 33% of the city is covered by green spaces, including 8 royal parks and numerous smaller gardens. Large and well maintained urban parks exist throughout England's cities, including some of the biggest in Europe for their size and features.

One of Europe’s largest urban parks, Sutton Park in Birmingham is a sprawling green space with woodlands, lakes, and free-roaming ponies and deer. It features cycling trails, birdwatching spots, and archaeological sites, making it a key recreational hub in Birmingham. Town Moor is a vast open space in Newcastle, often cited among England’s largest city parks. Used for grazing, events, and recreation, it’s a historic common land with a mix of open fields and paths. Phoenix Park in Liverpool offers ornamental gardens, a lake, and a café, providing a peaceful retreat for walks and picnics. It’s a significant urban green space in the city. One of Europe’s largest urban parks, Roundhay Park in Leeds features lakes, tropical gardens, and a historic mansion. It hosts concerts and offers trails for walking and fishing.

Heaton Park in Manchester is an 640 acres park includes a stately hall, an animal farm, and a tramway museum. It’s a family-friendly destination with ample space for picnics and sports. Ashton Court Estate in Bristol is famous for hosting the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, this park offers woodland walks, mountain biking trails, and a golf course, blending natural beauty with recreational facilities. Cannon Hill Park is a notable urban park in Birmingham with a boating lake, mini-golf, and floral displays, ideal for family outings.

The art of gardening and visiting gardens are typical English pursuits. The English landscape garden presents an idyllic pastoral landscape, often in the grounds of a lavish country house. It typically include lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of mature trees, and follies such as classical temples, Gothic ruins or bridges. At the other end of the spectrum, the English cottage garden is an intimate space around a smaller rustic home, with riots of colour spilling out of the flower beds and vegetable patches groaning with produce. The Royal Horticultural Society owns five gardens in England and has dozens of partners around the country, while the National Garden Scheme organises thousands of open-garden events nationwide to raise money for charity.

• Football — meaning soccer, is the most popular sport in England. The English Premier League is one of the most prestigious in Europe, played Sept-April. The FA Cup is a simple knock-out contest and chance for unknown teams to shine; it's the oldest football tournament in the world. The women's game is also rapidly developing and in July 2022 England hosted and won the UEFA Women's Euro Finals, and they won again in 2025. Their top club competition is the Women's Super League.

• Rugby — in England has two distinct codes. Rugby union (15 a side) is more popular in the south and played Sept-April, while rugby league (13 a side) is predominant in the north, and is played Feb-Aug. The RL World Cup Finals were played in England in 2022.

• Cricket — played May-Sept, with the professional game played between counties and cities. Over 5000 amateur teams play on timeless village pitches: ("Oh, good shot Sir!" as the ball disappears into the brambles). In summer England hosts international or "Test" matches, the premier event being "The Ashes" series of five matches against Australia. In winter the England team tour abroad. Lord's Cricket Ground situated in London is referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket''.

• Sailing — the English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive sailing; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race format. The sport is governed by the Royal Yachting Association, and there are many locations where sailing is popular. There are also many yacht navigation clubs.

• Rowing — rowing as a sport began in 17th century England, and there are many professional tournaments held throughout the country. Since 1829, an annual rowing race known as the University Boat Race between the Cambridge University Boat Club and the Oxford University Boat Club on the River Thames has taken place.

• Tennis — played during the summer, with professional tournaments and tennis courts throughout the country. The main event on the cricket calendar is Wimbledon, the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely regarded as the most prestigious.

• Golf — there are over 1900 golf courses, every town is near one, and the cities may have a dozen around their fringes. Big-name big-money tournaments are often on "links" courses, sandy terrain near the coast, such as Lytham, Southport and Hoylake.

  

• Performing arts — theatre, dance, music festivals, and concerts are well accommodated throughout England. Local authorities and councils have a clear policy on supporting the arts and venues. There is always something going on, because England is home to the best theatre and music scene in Europe. London's West End is home to many world-leading productions of musical theatre. Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, the largest greenfield festival in the world.

• Music — See Music in Britain and Ireland.

• Walking/hiking — England is a paradise for walkers and there are many places for walking in the country, which may be called hillwalking or fellwalking in some areas. The Lake District and Peak District are some of the places for more serious walks—see also the itinerary Hikes in the Lake District. The Pennine Way (463 km), the Coast To Coast Walk (309 km), and the South West Coast Path (1010 km) are the best-known long-distance walks. There are public footpaths and public bridleways all over the country. People have the right to walk along these and local councils are obliged to maintain records of the routes and keep access open. Paths are usually signposted where they meet a road, but may not be marked across fields. The paths are shown on the Ordnance Survey Explorer (1:25,000) and Landranger (1:50,000) maps. Enquire locally for details of the best walks, and what kit (boots, waterproofs, etc.) you will need. Unlike Scotland and certain Scandinavian countries, England does not have a general right to roam. However most areas of heathland, upland and forest do have this designation.

• Beaches — With England being an island nation, every direction you travel will get you to the coast in a couple of hours. The English coast is varied and dramatic. The English Riviera has rich seafaring history. Cornwall and Devon have some spectacular natural beaches that would rival those of Australia and California, although they are often much colder.
• Cathedrals — England boasts a rich heritage of ancient Gothic cathedrals. These magnificent structures reflect the historical significance and cultural identity of the regions they inhabit. From the grandeur of Westminster Abbey to the serene beauty of York Minster, these cathedrals not only serve as places of worship but also as vital landmarks that attract visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into the nation's storied past. In some, you can climb to the very top for heavenly views or practice the traditional English pastime of ringing church bells.

England has traditional dishes famous the world over from Beef Wellington and fish and chips to the humble sandwich. However, a modern English meal is just as likely to be lasagne or chicken tikka masala, with these international meals taking on a decidedly English flavour. The English are great adopters of other countries' food, and you will find a wide selection of restaurants serving cuisine from all over the world wherever you go.

England has for many decades held a reputation for bad food; this was due to the privations in and immediately after World War II. However, England's food scene has been revitalised and the bad food reputation has faded away. The quality of London's restaurants has made the city a leading centre of international cuisine. England also has a range of high-quality grown produce. The English traditionally have had a sweet tooth, with a rich selection of English desserts. Nowadays, you can generally expect pubs and restaurants to provide good quality meals. It is nonetheless advisable to 'do your research' before going out, visit establishments in person, and check out online reviews. If in doubt, ask the locals where's best to eat.

England is a historic sausage eating country. Most butchers and larger supermarkets in England will stock at least a dozen types of English sausage: not only Cumberland and Lincolnshire but often varieties such as pork and apple, pork and herb; beef and stilton; pork and mozzarella, and others. There are estimated to be around 400 sausage varieties. Elsewhere, meat pies are popular. The English tradition of meat pies dates back to the Middle Ages. Traditional fillings for hot pies include chicken and mushroom, steak and ale, minced beef and onion, lamb, mixed game or meat and potato. More exotic fillings, such as balti curry, are now available.

A meal out is the usual way to celebrate a special family or social event, and people expect the meal to live up to the occasion. Cooking programmes are now among the most popular on the television, supermarkets have turned many previously unknown foods into everyday items, and farm shops and farmers' markets have surprised all the commentators by becoming extremely popular weekend "leisure" destinations where people can buy excellent local meat, fruit, vegetables, cheeses, breads, wines, and other delicacies.

Here are some traditional meals which are usually referred to as "national dishes" and which you can reasonably expect to find anywhere in England.

• Fish and chips — deep-fried, battered cod, haddock or another white fish with chips. This is best bought from specialist fish and chip shops, known colloquially as "chippies", "fisheries" or "frieries" in different parts of England, where it is usually better than the fish and chips on a general restaurant or pub menu. Available throughout the country, but best eaten out of paper while overlooking the waves on a beach or at the seaside. The default fish is typically cod in the South, haddock in much of the North, and sometimes rock in Essex, but better quality chippies will usually offer a choice. In the north of England, gravy is extremely popular. Chips and gravy is sometimes referred to as their region wide choice often loaded with cheese and served with mushy peas and scraps on the side. In the south gravy on chips is not as popular but still sold. Sometimes in some southern chip shops mostly in London, gravy isn't even served.
• Full English breakfast — At its fullest, it might consist of fried bacon, fried eggs (the two basic elements essential to any "fry up"), fried sausages, fried bread, fried black pudding, fried bubble and squeak, hash browns, mushrooms, scrambled eggs, baked beans in tomato sauce, and toast and butter - washed down by a large amount of hot strong tea or coffee with milk. Hotels often include a full buffet of these items from which you can help yourself. The English now perceive the breakfast to be a weekend or holiday treat, or as a suitable meal to consume when hungover after a night of drinking. Any inexpensive "greasy spoon" café will have "all-day breakfast" on the menu, as do many more upmarket establishments. Vegetarian ones are now common.
• Lancashire hotpot — a hearty vegetable and lamb stew from Lancashire.
• Roast dinner or "Sunday roast" — traditionally consumed is considered by many the archetypal English meal. The dish consists of a roasted meat (usually chicken, turkey, beef, pork or lamb), served with roast potatoes, and between two and six other roasted, boiled, steamed or braised vegetables. This meal is inevitably more popular in the colder half of the year, and the exact components often depend on the season (turkey and less frequently the more historical goose are the traditional meats consumed around Christmas, while lamb is most popular in the spring, and each vegetable has its particular season). The roast is available on Sundays between lunchtime and early evening in virtually any English pub serving food.
• Sausages and mash, often called bangers and mash — hot sausages and creamy mashed potato, often served with vegetables and a slightly sweet onion gravy. There are many kinds of sausage available in England, from the peppery, spiral-shaped Cumberland, and fat, sagy Gloucester to the short, herby Lincolnshire, via beef and lamb varieties and pork mixed with almost anything you can think of (apples, leek, chives, chillies, paprika, nutmeg, ginger, Stilton cheese, breadcrumbs, ale, cider, chocolate, stinging nettles...), not forgetting the humble plain pork "banger" which is most common. The English take their sausages very seriously, maybe even more so than the Germans, and there are numerous national and regional contests where butchers and enthusiasts alike can enter to battle for the prestigious title of 'champion sausage' in various categories.
• Savoury pies — are meat and/or vegetables usually in a sauce or gravy served in a pastry case. Among the most popular varieties are steak and ale, steak and kidney, chicken and mushroom and meat and potato. Slightly different, but similar, is the Cornish pasty — beef and vegetables in a pastry case.
• Toad in the hole — a traditional dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with onion gravy and vegetables.
• Yorkshire pudding — a batter pudding served with a roast (usually beef); originally used instead of a plate and eaten with the meal. In Yorkshire and neighbouring parts of northern England, giant versions often appear on pub menus as a main meal item, with a filling, e.g. Giant Yorkshire Pudding filled with beef stew.
• Ploughman's lunch — a cold meal based around bread, cheese, and onions, usually accompanied by butter and pickles. Additional items such as ham, green salad, hard boiled eggs, and apple can be added. As its name suggests, it is most commonly eaten at lunchtime, is particularly associated with pubs, and often accompanied with beer or cider.

There are many other regional dishes and foods which are covered in the relevant region articles.

England has a long history of cheesemaking and is a great cheese producer. There are over 700 varieties of cheese produced in England. For a complete list of English cheeses and where they're made, consult the British Cheese Board website. Most traditional English cheeses are made with cow's milk, but the foodie revolution that has developed in England since the 1990s has increased the popularity of buffalo and goat's cheeses.

Everyone is aware of the cheddar you can buy from the supermarket almost anywhere in the world, but this is nothing like the real thing named after the village of Cheddar in Somerset. There are many excellent small cheese shops in South West England where you can purchase the biting taste of a real mature cheddar, and one of the dozens of other varieties made in the region. Somerset is also famous for its brie, which at least in some circles is counted on a par with the French original. Further west, Cornish yarg is wrapped in nettles to mature; the result is soft and creamy on the outside, and crumbly in the middle.

Do not miss the chance to try stilton, the so-called "king of English cheeses", which has a slightly sharp taste. Although named after a town in Cambridgeshire, it actually originates from Leicestershire; the town of Melton Mowbray is a good place to shop. Staying in the East Midlands, for a cheese of a different colour look out for sage Derby. The titular herb results in veins of green marbling and a very attractive, if unusual-looking, cheese. Head to the Yorkshire Dales for Wallace and Gromit's favourite snack, Wensleydale, which comes in several varieties. The original version is very pale, and can be made to contain cranberries or apricots. There are also mature, extra mature, oak-smoked and blue varieties.

Every English county has at least one local cheese, but some are much easier to locate than others. Whereas those mentioned above, plus double Gloucester, red Leicester, Cheshire and some others are readily available nationwide, many cheeses are sold only by specialist merchants in the areas they are made. Good places to look are delicatessens, farm shops and street markets. Cheese-lovers visiting London should check out Neal's Yard Dairy, who sell a huge variety of English farm cheeses from their shop in Covent Garden.

For dishes, a ploughman's lunch at a country pub with cheese, pickles and crusty bread is part of tasting rural English culture, and has been enjoyed since at least the 13th century. This is of course best consumed with a pint of the local tipple, usually cider and beer. A cheese board of different varieties of cheese served with crackers (biscuits made to accompany cheese) and grapes is also great as a snack, or as a course of a meal. You can expect at least two English cheeses, one of which will invariably be cheddar or stilton, and at least one foreign cheese, most likely French. Mac and cheese may have taken on decidedly American connotations, but the dish started life in England, and is still enjoyed today as macaroni cheese. Another common dish is cauliflower cheese, which is exactly what it sounds like. Visitors to the North East ought to look out for pan haggerty, a warming meal with a base of melted cheese, potatoes and onions which can contain almost any other ingredient from the soil or the sea.

Pubs are a good place to get reasonably priced food, though most stop serving food at around 9PM. Others may stop serving food between lunch and dinner. Pub food has become sophisticated, and as well as serving the more traditional hearty English fare, more exotic dishes are now prepared in the majority of the larger pubs and specialist "gastropubs".

English food has undergone a revolution with many larger cities having award-winning restaurants run by the many famous TV chefs who have now become part of the English obsession with food. Great Britain overall has 334 Michelin-starred restaurants (the 7th in the world) with London alone home to 71. Eating out at a high-quality restaurant can be an expensive experience: at the very top end (Michelin-star level) expect to pay £100 (at least) per head including wine. A decent three-course meal out at a respectable restaurant will normally cost around £30–£40 per head including wine. It is possible to dine for cheaper than this, but the quality usually drops when the bill is below £20–25 per head.

If good-quality and cheaply priced food is more your choice, try one of the many ethnic restaurants such as Chinese, Asian or Mexican. Eating a curry or balti in an Indian restaurant is tantamount to an English obsession. These restaurants are found everywhere—even the larger villages have them—and usually the food is of good quality and they will cater for most tastes. A good curry with side dishes can be had for around £10–15 per head, and some without liquor licences allow you to bring your own alcoholic beverages in. Eating a curry out is a social occasion and often you will find the men try to challenge their own taste buds to a duel, opting for spicier curries than they find comfortable! In the towns and cities these restaurants are usually open late (especially on a Friday and Saturday night) to cater for people eating after the pubs have closed. It is at this time that they can get very busy and lively, so if you want to avoid the crowds then visit the restaurants before the local pubs shut.

Unlike many other European countries, vegetarian (and to a lesser extent, vegan) food is widely available and appreciated in pubs and restaurants, with several dishes usually appearing on the menu alongside the more normal meat and fish options. However, vegetarians may still find the variety of dishes rather limited—particularly in pubs, where certain dishes such as "veggie" lasagne or mushroom stroganoff feature all too regularly. All restaurants and establishments serving food receive regular hygiene inspections from the Food Standards Agency (a government body) and are required by law to display their hygiene rating from 0 to 5. Tipping is generally expected in expensive restaurants mostly in London unless a service charge has been added to the bill, with a tip of around 10% considered to be the norm. Tipping elewhere is non-existent.

The traditional drinking establishment is the "pub" (short for "public house"). These are normally named after local landmarks or events, and most will have a heraldic (or pseudo-heraldic) symbol on the sign outside; more recent establishments may poke fun of this tradition (e.g. "The Queen's Head" featuring a portrait of Freddie Mercury, lead singer for the rock band Queen). England seems to have an incredible number of pubs. While in a city you are usually not more than a 5 min walk from any pub.

The pub is an English institution going back to Anglo-Saxon times. However, it's a declining one. Tastes are changing, smoking has been banned inside pubs, beer is ever cheaper in supermarkets, drink-driving is taboo, and pub landlords are often squeezed by sharp practice by the big firms which supply beers, and which also own many pub buildings. There are many different kinds of pub. Some are traditional 'locals', and a real part of the community. In most neighbourhood pubs you will find all generations mingling together, which often gives patrons a feeling of community. It would not be uncommon to see three generations of one family congregating in a neighbourhood pub. Nevertheless, pubs can vary widely in character. Depending on the area, you can find a warm and friendly welcome.

However, pubs are becoming more and more specialised. In city centres, many have been taken over by big chains. Some independent pubs have become wine bars or cocktail bars and pubs are evolving in a more healthy direction. There are now many pubs which pride themselves on serving 'real ales' - beer brewed on a smaller scale to traditional English methods and recipes. Any visiting beer lover should track these down. Many pubs, both in the countryside and in cities, have moved towards serving good food. And while most pubs will serve food, it's in these 'gastropubs' that you'll find well-prepared food, generally a mixture of traditional English dishes and international influences. The prices will tend to match.

Pubs have a little of their own etiquette. At any proper pub, service is always at the bar. It's polite to strike up a conversation with anyone else who is standing or sitting at the bar. And if someone buys you a drink, you will be expected to 'stand your round' later on, buying for whoever you're drinking with. If you're planning to leave promptly, or don't have enough money, then you should politely decline the offer. Although traditional pub licensing laws severely restricted their hours of operation, laws enacted in 2005 allow pubs to request more flexible opening hours. Few pubs have requested anywhere near the "24 hour drinking" that is theoretically possible: as a general rule more traditional pubs will close at 11PM still. Some of the more trendy bars will close nearer to 1AM, filling a niche in the market between traditional pub and nightclub. However in most cities and many towns, centrally located pubs and bars will stay open anytime from 2AM till 6AM, especially on Friday and Saturday nights. Also, at public holiday times, many pubs extend their closing times — especially New Year's Eve.

English people usually follow a kind of unwritten code of conduct when in pubs, though types of venue can vary dramatically, ranging from a 'local' pub, usually a quiet place consisting of one or two rooms, to a chain pub such as J.D. Wetherspoons which are very large rooms capable of holding hundreds of people. If you abstain from alcohol, you need not worry; all pubs also serve non-alcoholic drinks. Often pets are welcome.

England is home to a huge variety of alcoholic drinks; the drinking age in England is 18, and those that appear under 25 will theoretically (rarely implemented) be asked to provide ID such as a passport or driving licence. As well as wines and spirits (mainly imported, but some local and home produced, including a range of growing English sparkling wines and English whisky), all pubs sell several English beers and cider. England has a diverse beer culture; the main types of beer you will come across are lager, bitter and stout. Real ale is not a separate classification, it refers to beer made and served by traditional methods.

Lager — Predominantly the pilsner type: pale, fizzy and cold. Because of the popularity of this type of beer among the young, there are many mass-market national brands brewed (and widely advertised with "having fun" type ads) which may disappoint anyone wanting more than simply cold, fizzy, alcohol. Some national brands are much better, and often stronger, and may be sold in bottles as well as on draught. Purists often prefer imported European-brewed lagers. Some beer snobs condescendingly look down on lagers in preferences to darker, heavier beers which they perceive to be somehow 'superior'.

Bitter — The most common example of the English type of beer that is classified as "ale". They are typically darker than lagers—they are called bitter because they have more hops than "mild" (another less-common kind of ale). Again, there are well-advertised national brands for the mass market, usually less strong than lagers. Most are now not "real ales": they are not matured in the barrel; they are often called "smooth" or "cream" (which means that they are infused with nitrogen to give a small-bubbled head) and are often served very cold from a small tap on a tall, illuminated stand.

Stout — A dark, heavy, usually very bitter beer. Originally called Porter, Arthur Guinness decided he could do better and made Guinness which he branded a Stout Porter. Although the style is of English origin, Guinness is one world-famous Irish brand that is available almost everywhere in England, often in "normal" and "extra cold" versions. All of the mass-market types above can be bought in cans—often with a "widget" that when the can is opened, forces nitrogen bubbles through the beer to simulate "draught" beer.

Ale — This is not simply another word for "bitter" or "beer". It is used to describe any beer other than lager (i.e. it is a beer brewed at cellar temperatures using floating yeast, i.e. bitters, milds and stouts). However, these days "ale" is often used a little self-consciously, usually either as a "matey" word for any type of beer ("Anyone fancy a few ales?") or in a consciously "traditional" way ("Try a pint of good old English ale"). To ask for "A pint of ale, please." would sound like a line from a period film. However "real ale" is an accepted term, so to ask "What real ales do you have on?" would be quite normal.

Real Ale — The Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) has been a very successful consumer campaign; its aims have been to ensure that mass-market beers do not completely force out beers made in the traditional way. However, one downside has been to foster the aforementioned snobbery towards lager. CAMRA created the term "Real Ale" to summarise the type of beer they wanted to keep alive: it must be allowed to continue maturing after it leaves the brewery (i.e. not be pasteurised or filtered to remove living yeast; be stored and served without additional gas (i.e. does not have carbon dioxide or nitrogen forced into the beer); and be served at the appropriate temperature for the style: traditional ales are not generally served warm, as many people believe, but at the temperature of the 'cool' cellar they have been maturing in for several days (ideally, 8–12°C). Most real ales are served from the distinctive "handpumps" which allow a pint to be "pulled" from the cellar by several full-length strokes requiring visible effort on the part of the server. Most "real ales" served in ordinary pubs are bitters, but these come in a wide range of strengths, colours, and bitterness. A majority of pubs now serve at least one or two national brands of real ale, and perhaps one or even two local ones.

"Real ale pubs" — At a pub which especially caters to lovers of real ale, or at a beer festival, there will be more local brands (and "guests" from some distance away) and a wider range of bitters, and even a good choice of other types. Expect to see summer ales, winter ales, exotic beers (containing ingredients such as heather, honey or ginger), light milds, dark milds, lagers, stouts and, increasingly, porters (like a stronger dark mild, or a lighter, sweeter stout). These will be served from a long row of handpumps or (even more traditionally) straight from barrels sitting on the bar or (especially at beer festivals) in racks. There will also be a wide range of "bottle-conditioned" beers ("real ale in a bottle") usually either versions of English bitters, often called "pale ales", or very strong beers from France or Belgium. There will also be several ciders and perries.

Cider — In England this means an alcoholic drink made from apples (often much stronger than beer). These are generally brewed in the West Country, Herefordshire and Suffolk. The West Country is more known for the traditional cloudy, still 'scrumpy' cider, whereas the other regions produce more clear, fizzy cider. The more commercial brands of cider, served from pressurised kegs and so available at any pub, are clear, fizzy and cold, and quite strong (they are usually moderately or very sweet, so the high alcohol content may go unnoticed by a novice). A real ale pub will usually sell at least one "real", unpressurised, cider, perhaps from a barrel sitting on the bar. This may be clear or slightly cloudy, but will almost certainly be still, not too sweet, and very strong (7% alcohol is only average for this type of cider). The most traditional cider is called scrumpy and is usually very strong, very cloudy and possibly rather sour. Some commercial ciders have "scrumpy" in their name, but these are not quite the same as a gallon jug bought at the farmhouse door.

Perry — Similar to cider but made from pears (is sometimes called pear cider, especially if imported). Farmhouse perry was always difficult to get hold of outside the West Country, but this is improving, and there will nearly always be some available at a beer festival. Keen perry-spotters might notice the sweetish "undercover" commercial versions: advertised nationwide with a "girls night out" theme and sold in wine-shaped bottles with "inexpensive white wine"-type labels bearing the legend "Perry" in small letters.

The English drink a lot of tea; usually black tea rather than green tea, normally with milk and sometimes with sugar. In cafés and restaurants, tea is usually served with milk and sugar on the side for you to add to your taste; in private houses, particularly in more domestic and less posh settings, you may be asked to specify whether you want milk and/or sugar before the tea is made. In Britain 'black tea' is likely to be understood as by analogy with black coffee as 'tea without milk' rather than 'black tea as opposed to green tea'. In the south and south-west of the country — Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hampshire — and sometimes beyond, there is a traditional light afternoon meal called a 'cream tea': this is not tea whitened with cream, but tea served with milk and sugar, together with scones, jam and clotted cream.

Tea is widely drunk throughout the country, almost always hot, usually strong, usually with milk, and quite often with sugar. There are many popular brands (the most recognisable brands are PG Tips and Tetley). Tea is usually drunk at home or at work or to accompany breakfast in inexpensive restaurants (where it will usually arrive with milk in a separate jug), or with afternoon tea (scones, cream, jam, and cakes) at a "tea-room" (less-frequently seen these days, except in expensive hotels or in holiday areas). It is often the cheapest drink in coffee shops. Tea is often served in pubs and bars too.

As noted below it is common to be offered a choice of tea or coffee when visiting someone's home. If you don't want either, appreciatively declining should not cause offence. Although some British companies trade on the country's international reputation for tea-drinking to sell premium tea, many British tea drinkers' relationships with tea are remarkable more for their scale of consumption than for their connoisseurship.

In England, 'lemonade' is usually a carbonated, sweetened, lemon-flavoured non-alcoholic drink. 'Ginger beer' can mean either a carbonated, ginger-flavoured soft drink and therefore not really a beer at all, or a brewed alcoholic ginger-flavoured drink. Fruit juices are popular, particularly apple. Smoothies are becoming big too, and you will find many varieties at places like Starbucks.

Coffee is as popular as tea. Instant coffee (made with hot water, hot milk, or "half and half") is much used at home and work, and in inexpensive restaurants. If it is made with just hot water, then it is "black coffee"; with added cold milk it becomes "white coffee". Percolators are little used, and machines with paper filters are less common than they once were: they often fill a restaurant with a coffee aroma, but a mediocre restaurant will often leave the made coffee heating for too long. Therefore, at dinner parties or good restaurants, the "french press" (cafetiere) has become the standard way to serve "real" ("ground") coffee: the customer can leave the coffee infusing until it is as strong as they like, then press the filter down to stop the brew and restrain the grounds from getting into the cup. The drinker then adds their own milk (hot milk is often provided; cream less often) and sugar. Seattle-style coffee bars serve the usual types of espresso-based coffees (but with a less-bewildering choice of combinations of coffee, milk, sugar, and flavourings). Decaffeinated coffee is available, but not standard. Pubs may serve coffee, and indeed chains (especially Wetherspoons) invariably do, but "bar" type of pub (at a non-busy time of day) is a better option. International coffeshops such as Starbucks, Costa's and Cafe Nero are very common in large towns and cities. These often serve a wide range of coffees, teas and hot chocolate.

England offers the usual Western assortment of sleeping options, including:

• 

  Bed and Breakfasts (B&Bs) — these can range from a single room in a private home to large historical buildings with dozens of rooms.
• Hotels — these are located throughout cities and towns, and near motorway junctions, as well as some grand country house hotels. Budget hotel chains include 'Travelodge' and 'Premier Inn'; these are simple, yet clean and comfortable.
• Motels — mostly in the form of large chains such as Travel Inn and Travelodge, with hundreds across the country.
• Hostels — private institutions and those part of a hosteling network, which may require membership) usually offer dorm-style accommodation, sometimes with a simple breakfast included. Many hostels in popular destination cities fill up during the busy summer season, so try to book ahead or at least call before you arrive.
• Camping — there is a widespread network in country locations of campsites that welcome tents, caravans, or motorhomes. Sites may welcome some or all of these. Don't expect to find many close to cities and major tourist attractions.
• Universities — it has been possible to get accommodation in some universities and colleges out of term time for a while. However, University Rooms is a bit better than most previous sites, in that it provides good information and tips about the places it covers, which include Oxford and Cambridge. It does not cover all the places where accommodation is available.

While the rooms are generally comfortable and clean, rooms at the lower end of the price scale may be small and usually come without air conditioning, cable TV, coffee machines, and other amenities. In very inexpensive accommodation, for example in dormitory-style hostels, towels and soap may not be provided. Most hotels that provide breakfast will offer a choice between a full English or continental style breakfast. The continental normally consists of bread rolls, croissant, cereal, fruits, pain au chocolat and cold meats such as ham and salami. Beverages such as fresh fruit juice, tea, coffee and hot chocolate are served too.

The currency used in England is the Pound Sterling (GBP), which holds the title of the oldest currency still in circulation. While Bank of England notes are widely accepted throughout the UK, you might encounter some resistance when trying to use Northern Irish or Scottish notes in England, as shop staff may not be familiar with them.

The standard VAT (Value Added Tax) rate is 20%, but certain items, like most food and books, are taxed at reduced rates of 5% or even 0%. When shopping, the VAT is already included in the displayed price, so you won’t face any surprises at checkout, unlike in the United States. However, for industrial goods, VAT is listed separately, but tourists are unlikely to deal with this.

Credit cards are commonly accepted in shops and restaurants, with Visa and Mastercard being the most popular. While American Express is accepted in fewer places, most restaurants will take it. Chip and PIN cards are now the standard, and although merchants are generally required to accept cards with a swipe and signature, it's smart to carry some cash just in case. Keep in mind that some places may impose credit card surcharges, meaning they might only accept card payments for purchases over £5 or £10.

Shopping in England can be on the expensive side, yet it remains a top destination for shoppers thanks to its diverse selection and high-quality products, influenced by where and what you choose to buy. Fierce competition among retailers has led to lower prices, particularly in food, clothing, and electronics.

When you're in England, consider visiting a local gift shop for unique souvenirs like handmade crafts or pottery that showcase the area's culture. This could also include products featuring iconic symbols such as red telephone boxes, double-decker buses, or landmarks like Big Ben and Stonehenge. Vintage-style postcards are also popular. Do check out any local gift shop.

Fashion enthusiasts will appreciate the chance to shop at famous brands like Burberry and Barbour, where you can find elegant clothing and accessories, such as a classic trench coat or a warm wool scarf, that serve as stylish reminders of your journey. No visit to England is complete without sampling local treats. From traditional English tea and marmalade to biscuits, these edible souvenirs let you savour the flavours of the country long after you leave. One common choice to take home is a classic English tea set.

You might also want to take home some artisanal chocolates or cheeses that highlight England's culinary artistry. English beer is among the best in the world, with a variety of ales and stouts that reflect the country’s rich brewing tradition. Additionally, you might want to sample some English cider. England's wine industry is less renowned, but local wines, particularly those from Sussex and Kent, have gained recognition in the 2020s.

Handcrafted items made by local artisans is another choice. These unique pieces may include pottery, jewellery, or textiles that reflect the distinctive style of various regions in England. Some towns are famous for their craft markets, where visitors can find lovely, one-of-a-kind items. Purchasing from local artisans supports small businesses and highlights the unique culture and creativity of the area. Books set in England or about its history are fantastic gifts for those who love literature. England has produced many famous authors, and the literary heritage is rich and diverse. Consider picking up a classic novel, a book of poetry, or even a historical account.

Many towns and cities across England feature market halls, shopping arcades, and bustling high streets that act as lively centres for commerce, dining, and community interaction. These areas often combine traditional market stalls with modern food courts, showcasing a mix of local produce, handmade crafts, and diverse international cuisines. England also has a rich history of independent shops and small business.

England boasts a vibrant scene of independent shops and small businesses, offering a diverse shopping experience. Prices can fluctuate, so it's always a good idea to explore different retail outlets, as you might stumble upon some great deals. To save money, you may want to steer clear of tourist hotspots and focus on high street stores or the numerous out-of-town retail parks, where you'll find significantly lower prices. The retail landscape in England is highly competitive, ensuring that bargains are available throughout the year. In the electronics market, for instance, it's increasingly common to negotiate for a better price at the point of sale.

When shopping in the UK, especially if you're coming from the US, be aware that duties and taxes might apply, which could diminish the appeal of certain deals, so choose your purchases carefully. Plastic bags are charged at a minimum of 5p in all major retail chains, and shopping on Sundays can be tricky since many stores have limited hours due to legal restrictions—typically a maximum of six hours in England. However, in cities like London, if you enter a store before closing time, you may still be able to complete your purchase afterward. Smaller convenience stores, like Tesco Express or Sainsbury's Local, usually stay open later on Sundays.

Additionally, supermarkets in England are legally required to close on Easter Sunday and Christmas Day, but they offer a wide variety of products, including both local and international foods. Major supermarket chains like Tesco, Waitrose, Aldi, Asda, Morrisons, Lidl, Marks & Spencer, and Sainsbury's are open most days, with some even operating 24 hours, except on Sundays. Keep in mind that many stores close on public holidays like Easter Sunday, New Year's Day, and Christmas Day, and may have reduced hours on other holidays.

England has been a centre of learning for the past thousand years and possesses many ancient and prestigious universities. Prominent people that have reached the apex in their respective fields have been products of English higher education. The two most famous and oldest universities are Oxford and Cambridge (often referred to as Oxbridge).

England also has several other world-class institutions, including several in London (notably Imperial College, the London School of Economics, University College London and King's College London, all except Imperial are part of the University of London). Other top universities are located in Durham, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Exeter, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, York, Nottingham, Kent, Bath, Loughborough, Newcastle, Southampton and Warwick.

England has many options for foreign students to study; from language, history, geography and cultural short courses to advanced degrees at internationally renowned universities. Most cities have at least one institute of higher learning.

University fees have two tiers: a home fee for UK students, which is capped at £9250 per year, contingent on attaining a certain level of income, with the state paying all fees for students from low-income families. Only those who reach a certain salary threshold (£21,000) pay this fee through general taxation. The higher tier for students from outside of the UK, from £10,000 to £18,000 per year, with no financial assistance.

See also: the 'Work' section in the United Kingdom article

Options for short-term employment include bar tending and waiting tables as well as more specialised work such as in the high tech/computer industry. Visitors from Commonwealth countries will have a much easier time getting a work permit, especially those under 30 as there are several programs.

Citizens of countries belonging to the European Union (except Ireland) now require a permit to start working in England. Visitors on a student visa can work up to 20 hours per week while in full-time education and 40 hours per week while on break.

In any emergency call 999 or 112 (free of charge from any phone, including mobiles). All such calls are free and will be answered by an emergency services operator who will ask you which services you need (police, fire, ambulance, coastguard or mountain and cave rescue) and for your location. Unlike many other countries, there aren't different numbers for different emergency services. In a non-emergency situation you can call 101 to report crime and concerns to the local police that do not require an emergency response. A similar service is available at 111 for health issues that do not require urgent A&E admission.

England by and large is a safe place to visit and English people take safety very seriously with violent crime against tourists and those who are different being rare. England's crime rate is moderate for European standards, but in major cities you will find outlying suburban and inner city areas where poverty, crime and gang violence are common. These areas can be particularly risky and should be avoided, but it is unlikely a visitor would end up there.

Crime rates are generally very low in rural areas. Take care when driving on country lanes as they can become very narrow and the lesser travelled ones are often in poorer condition. It is worth taking extra care on public transport at night, as drunks can be a problem. In some cities, there have been incidents of street gangs carrying out robberies on buses and trains at night, although these are very rare occurrences.

Some town and city centres should be approached with caution during the later evening on Fridays and Saturdays in particular, as high levels of drunkenness can be rife. Late at night it is not uncommon to find groups of drunk people on the street, but unless you go out of your way to provoke trouble you are unlikely to experience any problems. The police have fairly wide ranging powers to fine or arrest people who are causing a disturbance, and although they can be more heavy-handed in major cities they are generally tolerant. Drinking alcohol in public (except outside a bar or pub) is not permitted in some towns and areas of cities. If you are stopped by the police, be sure to appear respectful. Do not try to reason with them, and above all, do not swear, because police will often arrest people who swear at them. At night it is also recommended that you use licensed taxis or licensed mini cabs.

Jay walking is not illegal except on motorways, but it is safer to cross at designated pedestrian crossings. Most operate a "push the button and wait for the green man" system, but zebra crossings are also widespread, particularly outside of city centres – identified by white stripes on the road and yellow flashing spherical lights – where pedestrians have right of way but it is best to make eye contact with a driver before stepping into the road. English drivers tend to be very respectful of the laws around zebra crossings, with England having among the best road safety in Europe.

England's transport network does not have any major safety issues. Vigilance about security and safety issues (such as suspect packages) is appreciated, and the employees of transport organisations are generally appreciative of appropriately voiced concerns.

The United Kingdom has strict laws with regards to firearm ownership. Handguns such as pistols and revolvers, as well as semi-automatic rifles are prohibited, even for sporting purposes or for hunting, while a licence is required to own, carry or use any other type of firearm. Bringing a firearm into the United Kingdom is extremely difficult, and all visitors who wish to do so are required to obtain a permit well before their arrival.

Racism exists. However, the United Kingdom is generally regarded by its own immigrant population as being among the most liberal and tolerant of European countries in this respect. Most English people will go out of their way to make tourists and immigrants feel welcome and it's not uncommon for police to impose harsh punishments on any form racial abuse – physical or verbal. Current legislation prohibits hate speech as well as racial discrimination in a wide range of public spheres such as education and employment.

The age of both heterosexual and homosexual consent is 16 throughout the United Kingdom. British laws support LGBT rights. There are some areas where you may want to not be overtly showing your sexuality, such as small rural villages, where more conservative views are held. 86% of the UK agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, according to a 2019 Pew Research Center poll. Brighton is sometimes called "the gay capital of Europe", while other cities and towns with prominent gay communities include London, Manchester, Liverpool, Bournemouth, and Birmingham. Many cities have a pride festival each year, but the aforementioned cities have the largest and most extravagant.

Take care on matchdays in football and rugby, particularly for teams known for their strong rivalry, or teams from the same town or city facing one another. These can get violent if you wear the wrong team's kit in the wrong place, or if you mock the opposing team. Hooliganism has died down and if you use common sense, you will be safe.

Police officers in England are professional and polite, and are generally less aggressive than law enforcement agencies in other developed nations. However, this does not mean they are lenient. Police forces in England are organised according to the counties, although sometimes two or three counties share a force. London has two police forces: the City of London Police and the Metropolitan Police.

Police officers are trained to be always helpful, professional and trustworthy. Most police officers do not carry guns while on patrol. There is a special group of police officers that carry guns if needed. Most officers will only speak English and you will be made to speak to an interpreter over police radio or will do so at a police station if you cannot communicate in English. You have the legal right to remain silent during and after arrest – but police in England and Wales will warn you that "you do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do or say may be given in evidence".

A typical English police vehicle will have battenburg markings typically yellow and blue. All police law enforcement vehicles are blue emergency lighting. A marked police vehicle with an approximately 20 cm wide yellow dot or red asterisk in the front and rear is an armed response vehicle used by armed police.

Throughout the United Kingdom, there is no cost to a patient at point of service, due to the welfare state system. In a medical emergency, dial 999. These numbers are free of charge from any telephone. For advice on non-emergency medical problems, you can ring the 24 hour NHS 111 service or check the NHS website for advice.

Hospitals are wary of health tourists and if obviously not from England, may ask where you are from and if within the EU, for your EHIC card (previously known as E111). Emergencies are dealt with under the NHS (National Health Service) at any hospital with an A&E (Accident & Emergency) department. At A&E departments, be prepared to wait for up to 4-5 hours during busy periods before being given treatment if your medical complaint is not too serious. Obviously, more serious ailments are usually treated immediately. Evenings are normally busiest, particularly on Fridays and Saturdays and in city centres. NHS walk-in centres also provide treatment for less urgent conditions on a first come first served basis.

Dental care is mixed between NHS and private, with price caps set on dental work to ensure affordability. Dental care is free for patients under 18 years old (19 if still in full-time education), with certain medical conditions, on low incomes or in receipt of welfare benefits. Many dental practices reserve a few appointments each day for urgent and emergency treatments. Appointments are allocated on a first come first served basis, and often they will all be filled soon after the clinic opens. Most practices are only open Monday to Friday. For emergency out-of-hours dental care, call the NHS 111 number and they will check if your condition warrants emergency care and if it does give you the number of an emergency dentist.

Pharmacists are highly-trained medical professionals and can advise on minor ailments and medicines. For advice on minor ailments and non-prescription drugs, you can ask a pharmacist - there are many high street chemists, and to practise legally all pharmacists must be registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) which involves a university degree and other training. They often use green signs similar to ones seen elsewhere in Europe to identify them. To find nearby medical, walk-in, dental, pharmacy services use the NHS online service finder.

Small pharmacies are also found inside many larger supermarkets. Major pharmacies are Boots and Lloyds, at least one of these can be found in any city or large town and quite often smaller towns. These two firms can issue drugs prescribed by a doctor as well as any over the counter drugs. Superdrug, Semi-Chem, Bodycare and Savers do sell some over the counter medication, but are not to be considered as places to go for advice about minor ailments. A smaller range of medication can also be found in most supermarkets. ID is usually required when buying medication if you look under 25.

The medicine trade is strictly controlled and many medicines available to purchase from a pharmacy in other countries (e.g. antibiotics or opiate based painkillers) can only be provided if you have a doctor's prescription. If you require specific medication, be sure to include a written prescription from a qualified medical professional. This is especially important if you have a medical condition that requires you to inject anything, lest you find yourself in trouble with the police.

Condoms are available in many public toilets (including in pubs and nightclubs), pharmacies and supermarkets. They are also available free from some NHS sexual health clinics, which also provide free testing and treatment for sexually-transmitted infections, even if you are not eligible for other NHS services. An estimated 100,000 people (0.16% of the UK population) are living with HIV. Chlamydia is common enough that people are recommended to be regularly tested. You can purchase tampons at pharmacies and supermarkets, though some sexual health clinics provide them free of charge.

Smoking is prohibited in all public buildings. It is also illegal to smoke at railway stations, and also on trains, buses, trams and the whole of the London Underground. Penalties can include a £50 'on-the-spot' fine. All enclosed workplaces are lawfully required to be smoke free. Some restaurants provide separate rooms for smokers, and many pubs and cafés now have outdoor areas where smoking is permitted, while many places will have a group of people standing outside the front door or off to one side to smoke.

Tap water from restaurants, bars and homes is very safe to drink throughout England. Tap water is of a high drinkable quality, with non-drinkable water supplies clearly marked in practically all cases. Mains water supply is practically universal, except in isolated rural settlements.

See also: the 'Respect' section in the United Kingdom article

The English are in general very polite, well-mannered people who value basic politeness and manners. It is considered bad manners not to say "please", "thank you", "cheers" or "sorry". A nod or a smile are also often the response. The English are notorious for their overuse of apologising. Although some visitors regard this particular quality as annoying, it is something of a cornerstone of English culture. You should do the same even for the little things, and even when the other person is in the wrong. For instance, if someone accidentally steps on your foot, usually both people involved apologise, even when one of them has done nothing wrong. This is a very English quality, and despite the lack of sincerity in the apology, not saying 'sorry' is seen as rude, and can even lead to a minor confrontation.  

Sometimes, strangers and friends address each other by "mate" informally, but this should not be used to people with higher status than you. You may occasionally bump into rude people, but this is rare and generally frowned upon in English society, unless you have done something wrong.

If you travel to different regions in England, you will find a variety of English accents, such as Liverpool accent, a "Geordie" accent and even "Cockney" accent in London. People from these regions might consider a very formal "Queen's English" accent to be somewhat posh, but will generally not mind if it's obvious you are a tourist. While it may be tempting to do, do not try to copy their regional accents when communicating with those people — you will probably do a bad job, and they might think that you are "taking the mick" or laughing at them. Don't be afraid to ask about someone's accent. England is a diverse country where an accent can change in each town, and asking about someone's accent is often a good way to start a conversation.

When driving on rural roads, particularly where a driver has to pull in to allow you to pass, it is customary to wave a thanks to the other driver, by raising your hand from the steering wheel. This is particularly prevalent in rural areas where many drivers will automatically wave at everyone who drives past them. A polite hand wave (or even with just the index finger raised from the steering wheel) is customary and will be appreciated.

When accepting gifts, a polite refusal (such as, "no really you shouldn't") is common after the first offer of the item. Usually, this is followed with an insistence that the gift or offer is accepted, at which point your answer is likely to become more recognised. However, some people can be very persuasive — this isn't meant to be over-bearing, just courteous. One thing which some visitors may find disconcerting is the response an English person may give to a "thank you". Most English people will respond with something along the lines of "It was nothing" or "not at all". This does not mean that they didn't try hard to please, but rather it is meant to suggest "I was happy to do it for you, so it was not any great difficulty" even though it may have been.

It's often said that the English are a bit reserved and hesitant to chat with strangers, but that's not the whole story. Most people are actually quite willing to assist tourists with directions or useful tips. Generally speaking, people from the North tend to be friendlier and more open to chatting than those from London and the South East. You might notice entire carriages on the London Underground where everyone is just sitting in silence, so don't be shocked if you get some odd looks or annoyed reactions for trying to make small talk in the capital. And if you're from Northern England, be careful not to assume all Southerners are from London unless they specifically say so. Not every Southerner hails from the capital, and some might take offence, giving you dirty looks or snarky comments. Just like in many other places, it's usually a good idea to steer clear of sensitive subjects.

The English in general are neutral communicators. The English try to take careful measures to remain polite throughout discussion, but in close personal relationships, communication becomes more direct. As a country priding itself on etiquette and professionalism, the English will often make no hesitation in confronting someone for behaving or doing something inappropriately.

It's considered very rude manners to disobey figures of authority, and you may be met with some harsh words if you object to a request. If you're unsure about something, don't hesitate to ask. The police are polite and professional, and it is expected that you show politeness and a level of respect back.

The English value privacy a lot, probably more than other comparable countries. When meeting with them for the first few times, avoid asking personal questions. Age is an obvious one, but also marital status or if they have a girlfriend or boyfriend. Some questions considered ordinary in other countries are considered "too personal" in England, such as where do you live and what is your job. It is not uncommon for an English person not to know what their neighbours' jobs are for many years. A good tip for foreigners is to use the mirroring rule — if they ask you a personal question, it is safe to ask the same question back, but answer their question first.

The English also value humility and will often make self-deprecating jokes to avoid seeming arrogant. People who are close friends will often tease each other as well, and usually the target of the joke will tease them back rather than be offended. However, be careful around joining in unless you know the people well, lest you be seen as rude or offensive.

It is said that the English invented queueing, and they become very annoyed if anyone jumps the line. However, you don't always see an obvious queue in bus stops and train platforms. This does not mean you can run in front of other people.

On buses seats are set aside for the disabled and women travelling with small children. These seats are usually at the front of buses. You can find pictures indicating which seats these are. It is permitted for anyone to sit in these seats, but the young, men, and the able-bodied are expected to give up their seats to the less able, pregnant women and the elderly, especially those seats clearly marked for such people.

Punctuality is highly valued. As in many places around Europe, it's considered rude to be late to a meeting or an appointment, and as such it's advisable to arrive 5-10 minutes early to something so as to not stand out like a sore thumb.

When you find yourself in a restaurant or being invited to someone's home for a meal, just general table manners apply. Normally when visiting a house, the host will say "shall I put the kettle on?" or "would you like a brew?" which means you are being offered a cup of tea, or another type of drink. Depending on the house you are visiting, manners can be either extremely important (you can be seen as a disrespectful person) or it can cause you to be looked well upon. Bring a small gift such as a bottle of wine or chocolates to show your appreciation, though this isn't mandatory when visiting an English household. In some cases, bad table manners can be seen as uncivilised and as indicative of a bad upbringing. Regardless, it is generally important to have good table manners in any situation. Remember also to let your host know if you are vegetarian or vegan, as most English people will invariably cook a meat dish unless told otherwise.

Once your plate has been served, it is customary to wait for your host to sit down and eat before you begin eating, unless otherwise indicated by the host themselves. It is considered rude to put your elbows on the table whilst eating, it is rude to speak whilst eating or eating with your mouth open (eat with your mouth closed). Always ask for an object on a table, do not reach over someone to grab it. Use both the knife and fork whilst eating, with the head of the fork facing down. The host may offer you a second plate of food (if in their home), and it is not necessarily considered rude to decline the offer as long as you express it in a polite manner (say something along the lines of "thank you that was delicious but I'm full", then the host will not take offence as a satisfied guest is what they are aiming for). When leaving the table, always ask permission if you can leave; a simple phrase such as "may I be excused for a moment?" will suffice.

When you find yourself in a pub or bar with your English friends, be aware that there is an unspoken convention of "buying rounds": often, rather than everyone buying their own drinks, everyone will take it in turns to buy drinks for the entire party. Not buying a round after someone has bought you a drink is considered rude.

Sports of all kinds are taken very seriously in England and you will find that many, including the younger generation, are ardently and fiercely supportive of all kinds of sports, including football, cricket, and rugby. It is wise to refrain from wearing rival shirts in certain towns and cities, as it could lead to violent confrontations, particularly when fuelled by alcohol. Hooliganism has died down a lot but you should still use caution. If you do choose to wear a sports shirt, it's best to wear one of the national team of any sport.

See also: the 'Connect' section in the United Kingdom article

The country code for the UK is +44. The initial segment of a phone number is the dialling code (or area code), which is always prefixed with a 0 for domestic calls. For instance, a London number would appear as '020 xxxx xxxx'. (In international terms, it would be '+44 20 xxxx-xxxx', since the leading 0 is only applicable when calling from within the UK.) Dialling codes can vary in length, and there are often errors with spaces or dashes due to common misconceptions. For example, London's dialling code, including the trunk code, is simply 020, yet some residents mistakenly write London numbers as 0207 or 0208, as if it had a 4-digit code.

When making a call to the UK from abroad, start with your international access code (00 for most of Europe, 011 for the U.S. and Canada, or '+' from any mobile device), followed by 44 (the UK's country code), and then the rest of the number. If the number starts with a 0 in the dialling code, drop the 0.

When calling a UK number from another UK number, you need to dial the full number, starting with the leading 0. If the number is in international format, skip the '+44' and just dial 0 followed by the rest of the number. If you're calling from one landline to another within the same area code, you can usually leave out the area code, although this isn't allowed in some parts of the UK. If the building you're in has its own internal phone system, you need to dial 9 for an outside line (not 0, as is common in many other countries, where 0 usually connects you to reception).

For mobile calls, dial the full number starting with the leading 0, or use the international format (beginning with '+44'). To call another country from the UK, dial 00 followed by the country code and the phone number. Directory enquiries (number lookup) are available from several operators, with 118 500 being the British Telecom service, and other operators like 118 118 offering additional services.

Public libraries across England offer internet access, often referred to as the "People's Network," typically at little or no cost, though usage time may be limited. Many hotels also provide internet, either through cable TV or Wi-Fi, but the fees can be quite high. In most towns and cities, you'll find several Wi-Fi hotspots, offering free Wi-Fi, mostly in coffee shops and some pubs. Shopping centers also tend to have Wi-Fi available.

Generally, you shouldn't pay more than £1 for half an hour of Wi-Fi access, while EE WiFi charges £4.99 for an hour or £39 for a month. England has extensive 4G coverage, although hilly regions or rural areas may experience patchy signals, resulting in download speeds typically ranging from 10 to 20 Mbit, depending on your distance from larger towns.

Data services can seamlessly roam onto networks, or you can opt for a pay-as-you-go SIM card, which can be topped up like a mobile phone. In larger towns and cities, 5G is available, offering speeds of 100 Mbit or more. As mobile providers in the UK phase out 3G, it's essential to ensure your phone supports 4G or 5G for mobile data access starting in 2024. However, EE, Vodafone, and O2 will still provide 2G service, allowing older phones to make voice calls.

The Royal Mail, established in 1687, has a rich and storied history that includes the groundbreaking introduction of adhesive postage stamps. This innovation revolutionised the way people sent letters and packages, making it easier and more efficient to communicate over distances. The iconic red postboxes that dot the landscape are a familiar sight, serving as a symbol of the postal service. However, it's interesting to note that some of these boxes, particularly those with historical significance, are painted in various colours.

In addition to the traditional red postboxes, mail can also be conveniently posted at local post offices.

The Royal Mail has rolled out a new pricing system for all UK postage based on the size and weight of items. You can check size charts at any post office, which is especially useful when sending larger envelopes or parcels. For domestic mail, a first-class stamp costs £1.25 for envelopes up to C5 size, weighing less than 100g and 5mm thick, while second-class stamps are priced at 75p, though they take longer to arrive. International postage varies, with International Economy rates starting at £2.00 for postcards and small letters up to 20g, and International Standard rates beginning at £2.20 for the same weight.

Stamps are available at post offices, supermarkets, and newsagents, and first-class mail typically arrives the next day, while second-class can take several days. Be mindful of collection times displayed on postboxes, usually around 17:30 on weekdays and noon on Saturdays, with no deliveries on Sundays or public holidays. Additionally, a fun activity is to examine the royal cyphers on postboxes to determine their age, as some are quite historic.

Postcodes in England are a system of alphanumeric codes used to identify specific geographic areas.

Each postcode typically consists of two parts: the outward code and the inward code. The outward code indicates the postal district, which is usually made up of one or two letters representing the area, followed by one or two digits that pinpoint a more specific location within that area. For example, in the postcode "SW1A 1AA," "SW" stands for South West London, while "1A" narrows it down to a particular street or building. The inward code, which follows a space, further refines the location, often identifying a specific address or a small group of addresses. This system not only helps postal services sort and deliver mail accurately but also plays a crucial role in various applications, such as online shopping, and navigation.

• Wales — to the west of England, with its own language and culture
• Scotland — pristine nature and highlands to the north
• Isle of Man — picturesque island nation perfect for outdoor pursuits
• Ireland and Northern Ireland — fascinating history and cultures a short ferry ride away
• France, Belgium, and the Netherlands — all accessible by direct high-speed rail from London